The application of energy adjustment models in nutritional epidemiology / 中华预防医学杂志

The energy adjustment models in nutritional epidemiological studies could substantially reduce the confounding effect of total energy intake from the intake of dietary components, and it could explore the real relationship between the intake of dietary component and research outcomes. Four energy adjustment models were introduced in this article, including the standard multivariate model, multivariate nutrient residual model, energy partition model, and multivariate nutrient density model. The four energy adjustment models were applied to analyze the association between the intake of saturated fatty acids and the risk of all-cause mortality based on the data of the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The consistent results of different energy adjustment models could indicate that the four models could better control the confounding effect of total energy intake.

The predictive model of birth defect risk based on evidence-based medicine / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective The Rothman-Keller model was used to establish a predictive model for the risk of birth defects on the basis of evidence-based medicine, which so as to provide the basis for pertinent interventions in China. Methods First, the odds ratio (OR) value of risk factors for birth defects was obtained by evaluating the literature of meta-analysis, and the risk score table of the Rothman-Keller model was constructed. Then the simulation data was used to build the model, the risk boundary value of risk prediction, and finally the actual data to was used for verification. Results The main risk factors for 20 birth defects were collected through 17 articles. In the actual data of Shanxi Province, the actual incidence rate of high-risk populations screened by Rothman-Keller model was 10.9%, and it was statistically different from other groups ( 2 =147.58，P<0.001). In addition, the rothman-keller model identified all patients with a family history of birth defects as high-risk. Conclusions Through the meta-analysis literature on birth defects in China, the study find the main risk factors and construct a risk prediction model. It can be used to predict the risk of birth defects and help screen high-risk groups. At the same time, it provides ideas for predicting the risk of other diseases.

Multilevel model analysis for influencing factors of readmission in coronary heart disease patients with heart failure / 中华疾病控制杂志

Objective To explore the influencing factors of readmission in coronary heart disease patients with heart failure by constructing a multilevel Cox regression model. Methods A total of 1 433 coronary heart disease patients with heart failure were consecutively enrolled, from two hospitals in Shanxi Province from January, 2014 to December, 2017. Patients’ medical records (including baseline data, examination and treatment) were recorded and patients were followed up. The median follow-up period was 23 months. Univariate Cox regression analysis and mutivariate Cox regression analysis were used to screen the independent variables. Two-level Cox regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results Rehospitalization occurred in 436(30.4%) cases. Two-level Cox regression model showed that advanced age(HR=1.010, 95% CI:1.001-1.019, P=0.032), male(HR=1.234, 95% CI: 1.009-1.509, P=0.040), physical labor(HR=1.458, 95% CI: 1.036-2.050, P=0.030),urban medical insurance (HR=1.513, 95% CI: 1.120-2.043, P=0.007), and prolonged QRS interval (HR=1.004, 95% CI:1.001-1.008, P=0.018) were independent risk factors for readmission coronary heart disease patients with heart failure. High urine specific gravity(HR=0.000, 95% CI:0.000-0.059, P=0.021) was a protective factor. Conclusions The age, gender, occupation, urban medical insurance, QRS intervall, and urine specific gravity are influencing factors of readmission in coronary heart disease patients with heart failure. Strengthening clinical nursing and monitoring and perfecting social security system can reduce the occurrence of patients’ rehospitalization.

Atrial natriuretic peptide attenuates inflammatory responses on oleic acid-induced acute lung injury model in rats / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>An inflammatory response leading to organ dysfunction and failure continues to be a major problem after injury in many clinical conditions such as sepsis, severe burns, and trauma. It is increasingly recognized that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) possesses a broad range of biological activities, including effects on endothelial function and inflammation. A recent study has revealed that ANP exerts anti-inflammatory effects. In this study we tested the effects of human ANP (hANP) on lung injury in a model of oleic acid (OA)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rats were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 6 in each group). Rats in the control group received a 0.9% solution of NaCl (1 ml × kg(-1) × h(-1)) by continuous intravenous infusion, after 30 minutes a 0.9% solution of NaCl (1 ml/kg) was injected intravenously, and then the 0.9% NaCl infusion was restarted. Rats in the ALI group received a 0.9% NaCl solution (1 ml × kg(-1) × h(-1)) intravenous infusion, after 30 minutes OA was injected intravenously (0.1 ml/kg), and then the 0.9% NaCl infusion was restarted. Rats in the hANP-treated ALI group received a hANP (0.1 µg × kg(-1) × min(-1)) infusion, after 30 minutes OA was injected intravenously (0.1 ml/kg), and then the hANP infusion was restarted. The anti-inflammation effects of hANP were evaluated by histological examination and determination of serum cytokine levels.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serum interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α were increased in the ALI group at six hours. The levels of all factors were significantly lower in the hANP treated rats (P < 0.005). Similarly, levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were higher in the lung tissue in the ALI group at six hours. hANP treatment significantly reduced the levels of these factors in the lungs (P < 0.005). Histological examination revealed marked reduction in interstitial congestion, edema, and inflammation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>hANP can attenuate inflammation in an OA-induced lung injury in rat model.</p>

A novel, recovery, and reproducible minimally invasive cardiopulmonary bypass model with lung injury in rats / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has been shown to be associated with a systemic inflammatory response leading to postoperative organ dysfunction. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms and developing protective strategies for the pathophysiological consequences of CPB have been hampered due to the absence of a satisfactory recovery animal model. The purpose of this study was to establish a good rat model of CPB to study the pathophysiology of potential complications.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 450-560 g were randomly divided into a CPB group (n = 10) and a control group (n = 10). All rats were anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated. The carotid artery and jugular vein were cannulated. The blood was drained from the right atrium via the right jugular and transferred by a miniaturized roller pump to a hollow fiber oxygenator and back to the rat via the left carotid artery. Priming consisted of 8 ml of homologous blood and 8 ml of colloid. The surface of the hollow fiber oxygenator was 0.075 m(2). CPB was conducted for 60 minutes at a flow rate of 100-120 ml× kg(-1)×min(-1) in the CPB group. Oxygen flow/perfusion flow was 0.8 to 1.0, and the mean arterial pressure remained 60-80 mmHg. Blood gas analysis, hemodynamic investigations, and lung histology were subsequently examined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All CPB rats recovered from the operative process without incident. Normal cardiac function after successful weaning was confirmed by electrocardiography and blood pressure measurements. Mean arterial pressure remained stable. The results of blood gas analysis at different times were within the normal range. Levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were higher in the lung tissue in the CPB group (P < 0.005). Histological examination revealed marked increases in interstitial congestion, edema, and inflammation in the CPB group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This novel, recovery, and reproducible minimally invasive CPB model may open the field for various studies on the pathophysiological process of CPB and systemic ischemia-reperfusion injury in vivo.</p>

Latent growth curve modeling for improvement of clinical symptoms on depression / 中华流行病学杂志

To explore the improvement of clinical symptoms after treatment on patients with depression under the latent growth curve modeling.514 patients were studied with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale for depression and nonlinear conditional.Latent growth curve modeling was constructed to assess the features of outcome growth trajectory and possible related influencing factors.Results indicated that the outcome measure showing nonlinear growth trajectory and rapid drop during the first follow-up period and then declining or leveling off for the rest of the observation period on symptoms of anxiety,cognitive disturbance,retardation,sleeping disorder and HAMD scores.The variances of both latent intercept and the slope growth factor were statistically significant,indicating they varied across individuals.Gender did not show significant effect on both the intercept and the slope growth factor for the six outcomes,while age had a significant positive effect on initial weight loss,sleep disorder and HAMD scores at the baseline (0.015,0.048 and 0.068,P＜0.05) survey.Marriage showed significant positive effect on intercept factor of anxiety symptoms (0.563,P＜0.05) but negative effect on slope growth factor (-0.244,P＜0.05) while family history had significant positive effect on intercept factor regarding retardation (0.471,P＜0.05).The level of received education had a significant negative effect on intercept factor of anxiety symptoms and HAMD scores (-0.424 and-0.914,P＜0.05).Latent growth curve models allowed the researchers to study the overall growth trajectory as well as the captured individual differences on these trajectories over time,that also provided a powerful tool for the analysis on longitudinal data.

Total liquid ventilation reduces oleic acid-induced lung injury in piglets / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Pediatric patients are susceptible to lung injury that does not respond to traditional therapies. Total liquid ventilation has been developed as an alternative ventilatory strategy for severe lung injury. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of total liquid ventilation on oleic acid (OA)-induced lung injury in piglets.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twelve Chinese immature piglets were induced acute lung injury by OA. Twelve piglets were randomly treated with conventional gas ventilation (control group) or total liquid ventilation (study group) for 240 minutes. Samples for blood gas analysis were collected before, and at 60-minute intervals after OA-induced lung injury. The degree of lung injury was quantified by histologic examination. The inflammatory cells and the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in plasma, tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Neutrophil and macrophage counts in bronchoalveolar lavage were significantly decreased in the study group (P < 0.05). The total lung injury score was also reduced in the study group (P < 0.05). The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in plasma, tissue and bronchoalveolar lavage were significantly reduced in the study group (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Total liquid ventilation reduces biochemical and histologic OA-induced lung injury in piglets.</p>

Effect of partial liquid ventilation on lung function in oleic acid-induced lung injury model of piglets / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Pediatric patients are susceptible to lung injury that does not respond to traditional therapies. Partial liquid ventilation (PLV) has been developed as an alternative ventilatory strategy for treating severe lung injury. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of PLV on lung function in immature piglets.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Acute lung injury was induced in 12 Chinese immature piglets by oleic acid (OA). The animals were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 6 each group): (1) conventional mechanical ventilation (MV) group and (2) PLV with FC-77 (10 ml/kg) group. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP), central venous pressure (CVP), left atrial pressure (LAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), cardiac output (CO), mean pressure of airway (Paw), dynamic lung compliance (Cydn), and arterial blood gases were measured during the observation period.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No piglet died in either group with severe lung injury. After four hours of ventilation, pH in the MV group gradually decreased to lower than 7.20, while in the PLV group, pH also gradually decreased but remained higher than 7.20 (P < 0.05). Partial pressure of oxygen in artery (PaO2) decreased in both groups, but with a significant difference between the PLV group and MV group (P < 0.05). Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in artery (PaCO2) increased in both groups, but with a significant difference between the PLV group and MV group (P < 0.05). Paw increased in both groups, but was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Cydn decreased in both groups, but without a significant difference (P > 0.05). At four hours, heart rate (HR) and MAP in both groups decreased. MPAP in both groups increased, and there was a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). CVP was stable in both groups. At four hours, PVR and LAP were increased in both groups. CO was decreased in both groups (P < 0.05). SVR was stable during the observation time.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PLV did not improve outcome in changes of lung function.</p>

Postoperative diaphragmatic paralysis after cardiac surgery in children: incidence, diagnosis and surgical management / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease covers a wide spectrum from simple to complex cardiac and extracardiac malformations. Innovations in pediatric cardiac surgery and perioperative care over the past decades have allowed surgical correction or at least palliation in almost all complex congenital heart defects in the first years of life. Diaphragmatic paralysis (DP) due to phrenic nerve injury after congenital cardiac surgery is an important respiratory complication resulting with respiratory insufficiency, lung infections, prolonged hospital stay time and even death.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Between April 2001 and December 2010, among patients undergoing cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease, postoperative DP was diagnosed in 47/10 200 (0.46%) patients. Diaphragmatic placation was performed in 37/47 patients. DP was suspected in children who failed to wean from mechanical ventilation or in those with persistent respiratory distress when there is no cardiac cause. Decreased respiratory sounds in auscultation, paradoxical breathing during spontaneous ventilation and elevated hemidiaphragm on chest X-ray led us to use fluoroscopy, ultrasound and/or electromyogram (EMG). When chest X-rays did not have a diagnostic value in patients with persistent respiratory distress, bilateral DP was suspected and immediate fluoroscopy of EMG was performed for diagnosis. In all patients, diaphragmatic placation was performed using a thoracic approach, through the sixth or seventh intercostals space with lateral thoracotomy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 47 patients (21 females and 26 males) with a median age of 7.21 months (range 0.27-71 months) were diagnosed DP after cardiac surgery. The incidence of DP was 0.46% after cardiac surgery. The paralysed hemidiaphragm was left side in 26/47 (55.3%), right side in 17/47 (36.2%) and bilateral in 4/47 (8.5%) cases. The assisted ventilation time after cardiac surgery was (450±216) (116-856) hours. The median time from cardiac surgery to surgical placation was (24±14) (5-56) days. No patient died in this study. The follow-up period was (26.2±16.8) months. The position of the plicated diaphragm was normal on chest X-ray, in all plicated survivors within the 1st, 6th and 12th months after discharge.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>DP caused by phrenic nerve injury during surgical intervention for congenital heart disease is an important risk factor in terms of morbidity during the postoperative period. Diaphragmatic placation appears a good option, especially in newborns and small children, to wean patients from mechanical ventilation and to prevent long-term side effects of mechanical ventilation.</p>

Protective effect of pretreatment of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. f. alba plasma against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury of cultured rat hippocampal neurons by inhibiting apoptosis / 生理学报

The present study was to investigate the effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. f. alba (SMA) pharmacological pretreatment on apoptosis of cultured hippocampal neurons from neonate rats under oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Cultured hippocampal neurons were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6): normal plasma group, low dose SMA plasma (2.5%) group, middle dose SMA plasma (5%) group, high dose SMA plasma (10%) group and control group. The hippocampal neurons were cultured and treated with plasma from adult Wistar rats intragastrically administered with saline or aqueous extract of SMA. The apoptosis of neurons was induced by glucose-free Earle's solution containing 1 mmol/L Na2S2O4 and labeled by MTT and Annexin V/PI double staining. Moreover, protein expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by immunofluorescence. The results showed that few apoptotic cells were observed in control group, whereas the number of apoptotic cells was greatly increased in normal plasma group and low dose SMA plasma group. Both middle and high dose SMA plasma could protect cultured hippocampal neurons from apoptosis induced by OGD (P < 0.05). The protective effect of high dose SMA plasma was stronger than that of middle one (P < 0.05). Compared to control, normal plasma and low dose SMA plasma groups, middle and high dose SMA plasma groups both showed significantly higher levels of Bcl-2 (P < 0.05 or 0.01), whereas expressions of Bax was opposite. There were no significant differences of Bcl-2 and Bax expressions between middle and high dose SMA plasma groups. Number of Bcl-2- and Bax-positive cells had similar tendency. Bcl-2/Bax (number of positive cells) ratio was higher in high dose SMA plasma group than those of all the other groups (P < 0.05 or 0.01). These results suggest that pharmacological pretreatment of blood plasma containing middle and high dose SMA could raise viability and inhibit apoptosis of OGD-injured hippocampal neurons by up-regulating the expression of Bcl-2 and down-regulating the expression of Bax.

Lessening effect of hypoxia-preconditioned rat cerebrospinal fluid on oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced injury of cultured hippocampal neurons in neonate rats and possible mechanism / 生理学报

The present study was to investigate the effect of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the rats with hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) on apoptosis of cultured hippocampal neurons in neonate rats under oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD). Adult Wistar rats were exposed to 3 h of hypoxia for HPC, and then their CSF was taken out. Cultured hippocampal neurons from the neonate rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 6): normal control group, OGD group, normal CSF group and HPC CSF group. OGD group received 1.5 h of incubation in glucose-free Earle's solution containing 1 mmol/L Na2S2O4, and normal and HPC CSF groups were subjected to 1 d of corresponding CSF treatments followed by 1.5 h OGD. The apoptosis of neurons was analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscope and flow cytometry using Annexin V/PI double staining. Moreover, protein expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were detected by immunofluorescence. The results showed that few apoptotic cells were observed in normal control group, whereas the number of apoptotic cells was greatly increased in OGD group. Both normal and HPC CSF could decrease the apoptosis of cultured hippocampal neurons injured by OGD (P < 0.01). Notably, the protective effect of HPC CSF was stronger than that of normal one (P < 0.01). Compared to OGD group, normal and HPC CSF groups both showed significantly higher levels of Bcl-2 (P < 0.01), and Bcl-2 expression level in HPC CSF group was even higher than that in normal CSF group (P < 0.01). Whereas the expressions of Bax in normal and HPC CSF groups were significantly lower than that in OGD group (P < 0.01), and the Bax expression in HPC CSF group was even lower than that in normal CSF group (P < 0.01). These results suggest that CSF from hypoxic-preconditioned rats could degrade apoptotic rate of OGD-injured hippocampal neurons by up-regulating expression of Bcl-2 and down-regulating expression of Bax.

A novel, stable and reproducible acute lung injury model induced by oleic acid in immature piglet / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Young children are susceptible to pulmonary injury, and acute lung injury (ALI) often results in a high mortality and financial costs in pediatric patients. A good ALI model will help us to gain a better understanding of the real pathophysiological picture and to evaluate novel treatment approaches to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) more accurately and liberally. This study aimed to establish a hemodynamically stable and reproducible model with ALI in piglet induced by oleic acid.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Six Chinese mini-piglets were used to establish ALI models by oleic acid. Hemodynamic and pulmonary function data were measured. Histopathological assessment was performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Mean blood pressure, heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), central venous pressure (CVP) and left atrial pressure (LAP) were sharply decreased after oleic acid given, while the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) was increased in comparison with baseline (P < 0.05). pH, arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2), PaO2/inspired O2 fraction (FiO2) and lung compliance decreased, while PaCO2 and airway pressure increased in comparison with baseline (P < 0.05). The lung histology showed severe inflammation, hyaline membranes, intra-alveolar and interstitial hemorrhage.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This experiment established a stable model which allows for a diversity of studies on early lung injury.</p>

Cerebral lymphatic blockage aggravates apoptosis of cortical neurons after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats in vivo / 生理学报

This present study was performed to investigate the influence of cerebral lymphatic blockage (CLB) on apoptosis of cortical neurons after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats in vivo. Healthy adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group, SAH group and SAH+CLB group. SAH model was made by double injection of autologous blood into the cisterna magna. On the third day after the second cisternal injection, morphological changes of cortical cells were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) combined with propidium iodide (PI) staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) method was applied to determine in situ apoptosis in the cerebral cortex. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to detect the expression of Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 in cortical neurons. HE and PI staining showed that cortical neurons of SAH rats were partly shrinkable; the nuclei showed wavy, folded or wrinkled appearance, and some nuclei had the shape of crescent. The cortical neurons in SAH+CLB group distributed sparsely and the nuclear fragmentation, apoptotic bodies were found, surrounded by the formation of vacuoles. The numbers of TUNEL-positive cells in SAH group and SAH+CLB group were higher than that in the normal control group, while the number in SAH+CLB group was significantly higher than that in the SAH group. Caspase-3 expressions in SAH group and SAH+CLB group were higher than that in the normal control group, while the expression in SAH+CLB group was significantly higher than that in the SAH group. Bcl-2 expressions in SAH group and SAH+CLB group were higher than that in the normal control group, while the expression in the SAH+CLB group was significantly lower than that in SAH group. The results obtained suggest that CLB exacerbates the apoptosis of cortical neurons in rats after SAH by up-regulating Caspase-3 expression and down-regulating Bcl-2 expression.

Effect of concentration of chlorhexidine on bonding durability of dentine and resin / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the effect of concentration of chlorhexidine on bonding durability of dentine and resin.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty extracted third molars were randomly allocated into five groups, which include one control group and four test groups. Teeth dentin surfaces in each group were treated with one of the following solution, 1.5 microl water (control), 0.02%, 0.2%, 2% and 20% chlorhexidine. Single Bond 2 adhesive was applied to the dentin surface according to manufacturer's recommendations. Then 5 mm thickness of composite (Z250) was built up on the dentin of each molar. The teeth were sectioned into microtensile samples and subdivided into two subgroups, 16 samples each. Samples in subgroup II and I were tested after being stored in distilled water for 24 h and 6 month respectively. Each fractured sample was examined with SEM.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>No significant differences of 24 h bonding strength were found among the five groups. There were significant difference in bonding strength between 0.2%, 2% chlorhexidine groups [(24.68 ± 5.26) and (23.19 ± 5.26) MPa] and the control group [(19.10 ± 4.67) MPa] after 6 month (P = 0.007,0.045), and significant differences were also found between 0.2%, 2% and 0.02% chlorhexidine group [(19.01 ± 6.87) MPa, P = 0.006, 0.041). Most of the fractured modes were mixed or interface failures after 24 h of water storage, and the mixed failure increased after six month of water storage. In the 0.2%, 2% and 20% chlorhexidine treated group, most of the failure was found at the top of hybrid layer, while in the 0.02% group, it was found in the base part of hybrid layer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Chlorhexidine could increase the bonding durability of resin and dentine. Higher than 0.2%, concentration of chlorhexidine couldn't improve bonding durability.</p>

Genotyping and sequence analysis on G2 segment of hantavirus carried by rat in Hebei province / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To know the genotype and subtype of hantavirus (HV) carried by host animals in HFRS natural epidemic area of Hebei province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to the conservative sequence of 76-118 and R22 strains, specific primers were designed. RT-nested PCR was used to amplify partial M segments from the positive rat lungs screened by IFA. Agarose gel electrophoresis was used to identify the types. Nucleotides were assayed from partial products after purification and reclaim. Gene analysis was carried on with DNAStar package.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>32 specimens, which were positive screened by IFA, were amplified the specific segment (418bp) and all belonged to type SEO. Sequencing results of 10 partial segments indicated that G2 segment had little variability and nucleotide homology reached to 98.0%-100.0%. Comparing with the R22 and 76-118 strains, homology was 93.3%-94.3% and 67.7%-69.0% respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>According to G2 segment, SEO was the major type in Hebei HFRS natural epidemic area and S3 was the major subtype. HV which belonged to the same subtype had high homology and genetic materials were correspondingly stable. Different rats could carry the same subtype of HV.</p>

Cerebral lymphatic blockage aggravates apoptosis of hippocampal neurons induced by cerebrospinal fluid from experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage / 生理学报

This work was performed to determine the role of cerebral lymphatic drainage pathway in the development of neural injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH and cerebral lymphatic blockage (CLB) models in adult New Zealand rabbits were used. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained from experimental animals 5 d after modeling and was added into cultured rat hippocampal neurons. The neurons were randomly divided into blank control, normal CSF, SAH, and SAH+CLB groups. At different points of time, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was detected by colorimetric method. Flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis of neurons. Expressions of Bax and heat-shock protein 70 (Hsp70) were determined by immunohistochemical staining. LDH leakage detection revealed that, compared with blank control group, CSF from normal rabbit did not damage the neurons, whereas the leakage of LDH increased in SAH group and SAH+CLB group. The increasing effect was more obvious in SAH+CLB group than that in SAH group. Normal CSF did not induce the apoptosis of neurons, whereas neuron apoptosis was found in SAH group and the apoptosis was even more severe in SAH+CLB group. Bax and Hsp70 protein expressions were found in both SAH and SAH+CLB groups. Expression of Bax protein in SAH+CLB group was stronger than that in SAH group in a time-dependent manner. At 0.5 h and 1 h, the expression of Hsp70 protein in SAH+CLB group was stronger than that in SAH group, whereas the expression became weaker at 2 h and 4 h. These results suggest that blockage of cerebral lymphatic drainage pathway deteriorates the damage of neurons treated with CSF from SAH, indicating this pathway may act as an endogenous protective role in SAH.

Clinical observation on therapeutic effect of the pressing plantar reflex area with wooden needle for treatment of patients with insomnia / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the therapeutic effect of wooden needle on the patients with insomnia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and twenty patients with insomnia were randomly divided into a wooden needle group and a western medicine group, 60 cases in each group. In the wooden needle group, the patients were treated with wooden needle to press the plantar reflex areas, such as cerebellar, throid and cerebral areas. In the western medicine group, Alprazolam was taken orally. Before and after treatment, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of both groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The total therapeutic effect was 100.0% in the wooden needle group, while it was 90.7% in the western medicine group, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P > 0.05). Compared with PSQI before and after treatment, there was difference in the both groups (All P < 0.01), but there was no difference between the two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The therapeutic effect of wooden needle is similar to that of Alprazolam on the insomnia, indicats that wooden needle is a better therapy for treating insomnia.</p>

Changes in Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expressions in cortex of hypoxic preconditioning mice / 生理学报

The purpose of the present study was to explore the roles of Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 in mouse cortex in hypoxic preconditioning. Blb/c mice were randomly divided into three groups: control group, hypoxic group and hypoxic preconditioning group. Fluorescence intensity of Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 was observed and number of positive cells was counted in parietal cortex by immunofluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscope. Fluorescence intensity of Bcl-2 in the normal group, hypoxic group and hypoxic preconditioning group was 6.2±1.7, 68.5±13.1, 180.6±34.8, respectively, and number of Bcl-2-positive cells was 18.5±4.9, 52.3±10.5, 150.8±24.7, respectively. Fluorescence intensity of Caspase-3 in the control group, hypoxic group and hypoxic preconditioning group was 8.6±2.0, 40.2±8.2, 26.4±6.1, respectively, and number of Caspase-3-positive cells of was 4.3±1.2, 63.6±12.5, 45.7±9.8, respectively. The results showed that the expressions of Bcl-2 in both hypoxic group and hypoxic preconditioning group were significantly higher than that in the control group; and the expression of Bcl-2 in hypoxic preconditioning group was even higher than that in hypoxic group. The expressions of Caspase-3 in hypoxic group and hypoxic preconditioning group were also significantly higher than that in the control group; whereas the expression of Caspase-3 in hypoxic preconditioning group was significantly lower than that in hypoxic group. These results suggest that cortex cells are resistant to apoptosis via increased expression of Bcl-2 and lowered expression of Caspase-3 in the cortex and brain cells are thereby protected during hypoxic preconditioning.

Genotype and sequence analysis on G2 segments of hantavirus from HFRS patients in Hebei Province / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To know the genotype and subtype of hantavirus (HV) which infected persons in Hebei province.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to G2 coding region of 76-118 and R22 strains, specific type primers were designed to detect and identity the types of HV in HFRS patients' sera with RT-nested PCR. Nucleotides were assayed from partial products after purification and reclaim. Then, gene analysis was done with DNAStar package.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>17 out of 69 positive serum specimens were successfully detected by RT-PCR and the detection rate was 24.64%, among which, <or= 7 days was 34.29%, 8-14 days was 19.23%, >or= 14 days were 0. 17 positive specimens were all belonged to SEO. The nucleotide homology of 9 typical specimens was 92.0%-100%. Between HeB7 and other 8 specimens was 92%-95%, and they belonged to different subtypes. When HeB7 compared with R22 strain, it was 97.7%. HeB7 and R22 belonged to S1 subtype. The 8 specimens except HeB7 was 95.7%-100% and they all belonged to S3 subtype. When compared with 76-118 strain, 9 specimens' nucleotide homology was only 70.3%-72.7%, belonged to different type.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SEO was the major type of HV from HFRS patients in Hebei province, S3 was the major subtype and S1 was also existed. In a certain area, the HV which belonged to the same type was correspondingly conservative, and had the characteristic of regional stability.</p>

Autophagy is activated and might protect neurons from degeneration after traumatic brain injury / 神经科学通报·英文版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate changes of autophagy after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its possible role.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Rat TBI model was established by controlled cortical injury system. Autophagic double membrane structure was detected by transmission electronic microscope. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and Beclin 1 were also used to investigate the activation of autophagy post-TBI. Double labeling with LC3 and caspase-3, or Beclin 1 and Fluoro-Jade to show the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis or neuron degeneration after TBI.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>An increase of autophagic double membrane structure was observed in early stage (1 h), and the increase lasted for at least 32 d post-TBI. LC3 and Beclin 1 proteins also began to elevate at 1 h time point post-TBI in neurons, 3 d later in astrocytes, and peaked at about 8 d post-TBI. In both cell types, LC3 and Beclin 1 maintained at a high level until 32 d post-TBI. Most LC3 and Beclin 1 positive cells were near the side (including hippocampus), but not in the core of the injury. In addition, in the periphery of the injury site, not all caspase-3 positive (+) cells merged with LC3 (+) cells post-TBI; In hippocampal area, almost all Beclin 1 (+) neurons did not merge with Fluoro-Jade (+) neurons from 1 h to 48 h post-TBI.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Autophagy is activated and might protect neurons from degeneration at early stage post-TBI and play a continuous role afterwards in eliminating aberrant cell components.</p>